Launceston is a town, ancient borough, and also civil parish in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is 1 mile (1.6 kilometres) west of the middle stage of the River Tamar, which constitutes almost the entire border in between Cornwall and Devon. The landscape of the town is generally steep especially at a sharp south-western knoll topped by Launceston Castle. These gradients fall down to the River Kensey and also smaller sized tributaries. The town centre itself is bypassed as well as is no more physically a primary highway. The A388 still runs through the town near to the centre. The town remains figuratively the "gateway to Cornwall", because of having the A30, one of the two double carriageways into the county, pass straight next to the town. The other twin carriageway and alternate main point of access is the A38 at Saltash over the Tamar Bridge and was completed in 1962. There are smaller points of entry to Cornwall on small roads. Launceston Steam Railway narrow-gauge heritage train runs as a visitor attraction during the summer season. It was restored for visual and commercial heritage objectives as well as runs along a short country path, it is preferred with visitors however does not compete much of the year. Launceston Castle was built by Robert, Count of Mortain (half-brother of William the Conqueror) c. 1070 to control the surrounding area. Launceston was the caput of the feudal barony of Launceston and also of the Earldom of Cornwall until replaced by Lostwithiel in the 13th century. Launceston was later on the county town of Cornwall until 1835 when Bodmin replaced it. Two civil parishes serve the community and also its borders, of which the main more built-up administrative unit housed 8,952 residents at the 2011 census. Three selecting wards include referral to the town, their total population, from 2011 census data, being 11,837 as well as 2 clerical parishes offer the former single church, with three churches as well as a big swathe of land to the north as well as west part of the area. Launceston's motto "Royale et Loyale" (English translation: Royal and Loyal) is a recommendation to its adherence to the Cavalier cause during the English Civil War of the mid-17th century.